thing	place	dest.	pren.	adject.	adverb.	adv
kore	koko	kochira	kono	konna	konna-ni	koo
sore	soko	sochira	sono	sonna	sonna-ni	soo
are	asoko	achira	ano	anna	anna-ni	aa
dore	doko	dochira	dono	donna	donna-ni	doo

(2) patterns -- adjectival predicate

• description: N wa \{A/Na\} desu -- A:(i-J)/Na:(na-C)
• negation: N wa \{A-ku nai desu/ Na dewa arimasen\}
• noun-modifier: \{ A / Na(-na) \} + N
• adverbs of degree: taihen, totemo, taitei, amari
• sentence-final particles: ne, yo

• existence: (location) N ga (quantity) arimasu/imasu
• focus: N wa (location) (quantity) arimasu/imasu
• relative position: N no \{ ue, shita, mae, ushiro, naka, soto, hidari, migi, soba \} ni N
• exhaustive join: N1 to N2 ... to Nn
• non-exhaustive: N1 ya N2 ,,, ya Nn

• counters: -mai (thin), -hon (long, slender), -satsu (books), -dai (machines), -hiki (small animals), -wa (birds)
• people: -nin (hito-ri, futa-ri, ..., yo-nin)
• shapeless(!): -tsu (J numerals)

• N wa/ga (time) (place) (dir.) (object) V-masu
• negation: N wa ... V-masen
• direct object: N o (+Vt)
• point of time: N ni
• direction: N e -- to
• start/end: N kara ... N made
• instrument: N de
• conjunctions: soshite, sore kara, shikashi, keredomo
• approx: goro (point of time), hodo/gurai (quantity)

• past event: N wa ... V-mashita
• negation: N wa V-masen deshita
• adverbs (2): moo, mada, mettani
• movement out of: N o +V
• movement into: N ni +V
• walking,..., passing: N o +V
• place of action: N de +V
• nominal use of conjuctive form: ikimasu -- iki

• existence: N wa N1 deshita
• negation: N wa N2 dewa arimasen deshita
• adjectival: N wa \{ Na deshita / A-katta desu \}
• negation: Na dewa arimasen
• neg-(J): A-ku \{ nakatta desu / arimasen deshita \}
• joint actions: N to (V) -- (do ...) with N
• purpose: N/V(conj) + ni \{iki/ki/kaeri\}-masu
• conjunctive particles: S1 + \{ ga / kara \} S2
• prenom. i-A exceptions: ooku no hito -- ooi desu %%(many)

• action, state, condition: ... V-te-imasu
• succession: ... V-te, (... V-te) ... V-masu/-mashita
• alternatives: .. V-tari,.. V-tari-shimasu/shimashita
• after doing ...: ... V-te kara ... -- (explicit)

• thing, action: \{N o/.. V-te/V-(a)naide\} kudasai
• order, command: V(Conj)-nasai
• obligation, duty: V-(a)-nakereba narimasen
• prohibition: V-tewa ikemasen -- must not do
• permission: V-temo ii desu -- you may do
• advice: V-ta hoo ga ii desu
• negative: V-(a)nai hoo ga ii desu
• offering: V-mashoo, V-mashoo ka?

• at: \{ kono/sone/ano, N no, Na-na, A(Dict), V(Dict), V-ta, V-te-iru \} + toki (ni) -- at, when, ... time
• while: \{ N no, V-te-iru \} + aida -- during
• before: \{ N no, V(Dict) \} + mae (ni)
• after: \{ N no,V-ta \} + ato (de)
• simultaneous: V1(Conj)-nagara V2
• as ... is: V1-ta + mama V2 -- (and, while)
• conjoin: ... \{ A-kute / Na de / N de \}, ... -- and

• quoting: N wa/ga ... to iimasu -- N says
• thinks: N wa ... to omoimasu -- N thinks ..
• naming: (N wa) X o Y to iimasu -- (N) calls X Y
• nominal: Y to iu X -- X (which is) called Y

• more: N1 wa N2 yori A/Na desu
• question: N1 to N2 to dochira ga A/Na desu ka?
• answer: N1 no hoo ga A/Na desu -- N1 is more ...
• superlative: \{ N1 to N2 to ... Nn, X \} no naka/uchi de N1 ga ichiban A/Na desu
• scope or limit: N de -- e.g zenbu de
• exprssions: onaji (the same), ... hodo (to the extent), A-bai (A-times as), A-bun no B (B/A)

• desire: N1 wa \{ N2 ga hoshii desu, (N2 ga/o) V-tai desu
• like/dislike: N1 wa N2 ga suki/kirai desu
• intimacy: no?, wa (women); kai?/ ... dai? (men)

• N1 wa N2 ga \{ deki-masu, joozu desu, heta desu, tokui desu, nigate desu, wakar-imasu \} -- can do ...

• N1 wa/niwa N2 ga \{arimasu, ooi desu, sukunai desu\}
• experience: N1 wa ... V-ta koto ga arimasu
• whole/part: N1 wa N2 ga -- (usually adj.predicate)

• passive: N1 wa N2 \{ni, ni yotte, kara\} V-(r)are-ru
• causative: N1 wa/ga N2 o/ni V \{-ase-/-sase\}-ru

• N to Y: X ga Y ni N o agemasu/sashiagemasu
• N from Y: X ga Y ni/kara N o moraimasu/itadakimasu
• N to X: Y ga X ni N o kuremasu/kudasaimasu
• for Y: X ga Y ni (... o) V-te-agemasu
• has Y do: X ga Y ni (... o) V-te-moraimasu
• Y does: Y ga X ni (... o) V-te-kuremasu

• present or volitional: ik-oo, tabe-yoo, shiyoo, koyoo
• (watashi wa) V(Volit) to omoimasu/omotte-imasu
• (watashi wa) V(Dict) tsumori desu -- I intend to do

• guess: \{ N/Na, A, V \} deshoo -- tabun, osoraku
• possible: -kamo shiremasen/shirenai -- (deshoo)
• adverbs: hyotto suru to, moshi ka suru to -- (pred.)
• certain: -ni chigai arimasen/nai -- kitto

• koto: X wa (N o) V(Dict) koto ga dekimasu
• potential: X wa V(Stem)\{-e-/-rare\}-masu -- 1th/2nd

• V-te-aru (state), V-te-oku (put or leave), V-te-iku (do and go), V-te-kuru (do and come), V-te-shima(w)u (finish ...), V-te-miru (do and see)

• \{A-ku/Na-ni\} + V, \{ A-i/Na-na \} + N
• nouns: A-ku as N -- ... no chikaku ni ...
• onomatopoeia: hakkiri (to) [clearly], yukkuri (to) [slowly], don-don [rapidly], shikkari [hard]
• idiomatic: ato iu ma ni [while I was saying], soro-soro %% jukan [about time]

• \{V-tara, A-kattara, N/Na dattara\}, ... -- (if)
• V \{ -(r)eba, sureba, kureba \}, ... -- (if)
• A-kereba, ... / N/Na nara, ... -- (if)
• \{V, A, N/Na da\} V(Plain)-to, ... -- (if then)

• noun-modifier: -ta form, interrogative -- doo ka

• indication: S + koto -- that S
• decision: V (Dict) koto ni shimasu/narimasu
• no as koto: S + no -- that S
• emphatic: ... no wa ... desu
• focus: N ga/no Y no o mimasu/kikimasu -- see, hear
• explanatory: S + no/n desu

• \{ V(Dict), V(Past), V-te-iru\} tokoro desu -- (place)
• Pred (-(r)eba) Pred (Dict) hodo ... -- (more)

• S + hazu/wake desu -- should/reason
• N/Na desu + noni = N/Na na noni -- in spite of ...

• \{V(Conj), A, Na\} + soo desu, N no yo desu -- it looks
• hearsay: S + soo desu
• appearance: V/A/Na/N rashii desu -- it seems
• like: \{V, A, Na-na/datta, N no/datta\} yoo-na/-ni

• (yoo-na) \{aji, nioi, kanji, ki\} ga shimasu
• (yoo-na) \{katachi, iro, kao, kakkoo\} o shite-imasu

• \{iki/ki/i\}-masu: irassha-imasu / oide ni narimasu
• imasu: osshaimasu, mimasu: go-ran ni nar-imasu
• mosh-imasu (iimasu), mair-imasu (ikimasu), itash-imasu (shimasu)

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[_] readme vocabulary techniques kyu 6 kyu 5 kyu 4 kyu 3 kyu 2 kyu 1 dan 1 dan 2 dan 3 dan 4 dan 5 part(s) ? terminology note(s) _ # @ !

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(C) Æliens 2014